Heterobifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives and methods for their preparation

ABSTRACT

Provided are methods of preparing heterobifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives (e.g., HO-PEG-OCH 2 CO 2 H) by alkylating poly(ethylene glycol). A method comprises:
         (a) synthesizing Ar—CR 1 R 2 O-Poly-OH (e.g., Bz-PEG-OH, where Bz is benzyl) by forming a polymer Poly (e.g., HO-PEG-OH) onto the aryl methyl oxide ion, Ar—CR 1 R 2 Oθ;   (b) alkylating Ar—CR 1 R 2 O-Poly-OH to form Ar—CR 1 R 2 —O-poly-OR 9  (e.g., Bz-O-PEG-OCH 2 CO 2 (CH 3 ) 3 );   (c) converting the Ar—CR 1 R 2 O— moiety to —OH by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or hydrogenolysis to form a new mixture of R 9 O-PEG-OH and R 9 O-PEG-OR 9  (e.g., HO-PEG-OCH 2 CO 2 H and HO 2 CCH 2 O-PEG-OCH 2 CO 2 H); and   (d) optionally, isolating the R 9 O-PEG-OH product formed in (c).
 
The method of the present invention obviates the extensive and laborious purification prior art steps normally required to remove HO-Poly-OH (e.g., HO-PEG-OH) from a preparation of the PEG derivatives.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/620,011, filed Nov. 17, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,940,801, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/016,383, filed Dec. 17, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,642,323, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/071,469, filed Feb. 8, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,327, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/186,759, filed Nov. 5, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,369, which claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/064,600, filed Nov. 6, 1997, all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to heterobifunctional poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives and methods for their preparation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Covalent attachment of the hydrophilic polymer poly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated (PEG), also known as poly(ethylene oxide), abbreviated (PEO), to molecules and surfaces has important applications in biotechnology and medicine. In its most common form, PEG is a linear polymer having hydroxyl groups at each terminus: HO—CH₂—CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₂CH₂—OH This formula can be represented in brief as HO-PEG-OH, where it is understood that -PEG- represents the polymer backbone without its terminal groups: -PEG- equals —CH₂CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₂CH₂— PEG is commonly used as methoxy-PEG-OH, or mPEG in brief, in which one terminus is the relatively inert methoxy group, while the other terminus is a hydroxyl group that is subject to ready chemical modification. CH₃O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—CH₂CH₂—OH.

The term poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG represents or includes all of the herein described forms of PEG and still others.

The copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide are closely related to PEG in their chemistry, and they can be substituted for PEG in many of its applications. HO—CH₂CHRO(CH₂CHRO)_(n)CH₂CHR—OH R=H and CH₃

PEG is a useful polymer having the property of water solubility as well as solubility in many organic solvents. PEG is also non-toxic and non-immunogenic. When PEG is chemically attached to a water insoluble compound, the resulting conjugate generally is water soluble as well as soluble in many organic solvents. When the molecule to which PEG is attached is biologically active, such as a drug, this activity is commonly retained after attachment of PEG and the conjugate may display altered pharmacokinetics. For example, Bentley et al. in Polymer Preprints, 38(1), 584 (1997) demonstrated that the water insoluble antemisinin becomes water soluble and exhibits increased antimalarial activity when coupled to PEG. Davis et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,337 have shown that proteins coupled to PEG have enhanced blood circulation lifetime because of reduced kidney clearance and reduced immunogenicity. The lack of toxicity of PEG and its rapid clearance from the body are advantageous for pharmaceutical applications.

As applications of PEG chemistry have become more sophisticated, there has been an increasing need for heterobifunctional PEGs, that is PEGs bearing dissimilar terminal groups: X-PEG-Y where X and Y are typically different functional groups. PEGs having, for example, a backbone ester group, that is to say, having an ester function interposed between polyethylene glycol polymer segments, as well as the terminal groups, X and Y: X-PEG-CO₂-PEG-Y is considered to be heterobifunctional even if X and Y are the same, since each PEG segment within the overall polymer backbone is substituted in an unsymmetrical fashion.

Such heterobifunctional PEGs bearing appropriate functional groups are used to link the PEGs to surfaces or other polymers, such as polysaccharides or proteins, with the other terminus attached, for example, to a drug, a liposome, a targeting agent, a label, another protein, or a biosensor. If one terminus is bound to a polymer, and the other terminus is bonded to an appropriate functional group, cross-linking to form a hydrogel can occur.

Utilizing existing methods, however, heterobifunctional PEGs are often difficult or impossible to prepare in high purity. For example, one could conduct the reaction below, using molar equivalents of each reagent with the goal of preparing the heterobifunctional PEG acetal product shown: HO-PEG-OH+ClCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+NaOH→→HO-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+NaCl+H₂O In practice, however, some of the disubstututed PEG diethyl acetal, (C₂H₅O)₂CH₂O-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ is also inevitably formed and some unreacted PEG also remains in the reaction mixture. Tedious chromatography is then required to separate this mixture of PEG components.

Such a chromatographic approach has been used by Zalipsky (Bioconjugate Chemistry, 4: 296-299, 1993) to purify the following heterobifunctional PEG derivative: HO-PEG-C(O)NHCH₂CO₂H from a reaction product mixture also containing unreacted PEG and the corresponding disubstituted carboxylic acid derivative.

In certain applications, it is important that a minimal amount of HO-PEG-OH is present in the end-capped, mono-alkyl PEGs used to prepare monofunctional activated PEGs, since the presence of HO-PEG-OH often leads to doubly activated PEG derivatives which can result in crosslinked products, or have other undesirable effects. In fact, HO-PEG-OH is a common contaminant in monoalkyl PEGs such as monomethoxy-PEG. U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,410 describes a chromatographic separation of CH₃O-PEG-OH from HO-PEG-OH by forming the trityl (Ph₃C—) derivatives, separating the derivatives chromatographically, and then removing the trityl group from CH₃O-PEG-OCPh₃. International Patent Publication, WO96/35451 (Suzawa, et al.) describes benzyl PEG (C₆H₅—CH₂—O-PEG-OH) as an intermediate in preparing a heterobifunctional PEG bearing a group at one terminus having affinity for a target cell and having a toxin at the other terminus. The benzyl PEG, however, was prepared by benzylation of PEG, followed by laborious and extensive gradient chromatography to separate benzyl PEG from dibenzyl PEG and unreacted PEG. The procedure was carried out on a small scale with a yield of only 7.8%. The method thus has little value in useful commercial production applications.

A second strategy, the polymerization approach, for preparing heterobifunctional PEGs involves anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide onto an anion, X⁻, which ultimately becomes the end-group of the polymer:

This method has been used by Yokoyama, et al. (Bioconjugate Chemistry, 3: 275-276, 1992) to prepare a PEG with a hydroxyl group at one terminus and an amino group at the other. Cammas, et al. (Bioconjugate Chemistry, 6: 226-230, 1995) used this method to prepare PEGs with an amino group on one terminus and a hydroxyl or methoxy group on the other. This method has also been used by Nagasaki, et al. (Biocojugate Chemistry, 6: 231-233, 1995) to prepare a PEG having a formyl group at one terminus and a hydroxyl group at the other. This method is generally useful only if X is a group suitable upon which to initiate polymerization; frequently this is not the case. Also, successful application of this method requires rigorous exclusion of water to prevent formation of HO-PEG-OH; this problem becomes more severe with increasing molecular weight of the polymer. It is also necessary to carefully control the degree of polymerization in order to obtain the desired molecular weight of the PEG derivative. This method is further limited by the potential for degradation of many types of drug molecules under the harsh conditions of the polymerization reaction if the ethylene oxide polymerization is conducted directly on the drug molecule. The method is also hampered by a lack of selectivity if more than one functional group is present on which polymerization can occur.

Thus, there is a need to provide additional and improved methods for preparing heterobifunctional PEGs that substantially eliminate at least some of the problems and drawbacks of the above-noted methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for preparing poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives via a PEG intermediate bearing a removable group at one terminus. PEG derivatives of the class, W-PEG-OH, where W is a group removable by mild chemical methods, are provided and are first altered by modifying the —OH group to a desired group, X, followed by removal of W to generate a second hydroxyl group. The latter hydroxyl group may then be further altered to a second functional group Y, thus providing the desired heterobifunctional PEG: W-PEG-OH→W-PEG-X→HO-PEG-X→Y-PEG-X

A preferred removable group is the benzyloxy group (C₆H₅CH₂—O—), although other arylmethyl groups including, but not limited to, 4-methylbenzyl, 3-methylbenzyl, 4-chlorobenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, diphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl, or 1-naphthylmethyl, may be used. Diarylmethyl and triarylmethyl groups will also suffice. Benzyloxy-PEG-OH (BzO-PEG-OH), for example, may be prepared in high purity by polymerization of ethylene oxide onto the benzyloxide ion, BzO⁻. By conducting the reaction under carefully controlled, anhydrous conditions, a heterobifunctional derivative product can be prepared with a minimum amount, e.g., less than 5 mol % of HO-PEG-OH. An advantage of benzyl and other arylmethyl groups is that they may be removed from the PEG under relatively mild conditions by catalytic hydrogenolysis or by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. An illustrative reaction scheme is provided below: BzO-PEG-X+H₂ (cat)→C₆H₅—CH₃+HO-PEG-X BzO-PEG-X+H₂O (H⁺)→C₆H₅CH₂OH+HO-PEG-X In the reactions above, cat is a catalyst such as palladium on charcoal.

Thus, the invention provides an approach for essentially removing PEG-diol from functionalized PEG or PEG-conjugate compositions. Rather than utilizing a traditional approach and removing PEG-diol impurity or its functionalized by-products, e.g., by chromatography, the Applicants have instead taken advantage of a series of chemical modifications to transform the PEG-diol into an inert, that is to say, unreactive, species.

In one embodiment of the invention, the method is used to prepare PEG derivatives or related polymers for conjugation to macromolecules such as proteins, drugs, lipids, polysaccharides, or other polymers or surfaces, where the PEG derivative employed is essentially free of any PEG-diol impurity. A benzyloxy-terminated polymer, e.g., BzO-PEG-OH, is first prepared or obtained. The hydroxyl group of the intermediate polymer BzO-PEG-OH, where PEG=—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—CH₂CH₂, is converted to a first reactive functional group, such as one suitable for attachment to an active entity such as a macromolecule. The benzyl group is then removed by hydrogenolysis or hydrolysis under conditions that do not alter the macromolecule in an adverse manner, to provide the corresponding hydroxy-terminated PEG. This new hydroxyl group may be used directly to attach that terminus of the PEG derivative to the same or another macromolecule. Alternatively, the hydroxyl group may be further converted to a second reactive functional group, which is then used to link the PEG derivative to a macromolecule. If the second reactive functional group is linked to another polymer, a cross-linked polymer useful as a hydrogel may be generated. The reaction scheme may be illustrated in a general form as follows: BzO-PEG-OH→BzO-PEG-X (X=reactive functional group)  (1) BzO-PEG-X→BzO-PEG-M₁ (M₁=a macromolecule, e.g., surface, drug, protein, or polymer.)  (2) BzO-PEG-M₁+H₂ (Pd/C)→BzH+HO-PEG-M₁ OR BzO-PEG-M₁+H₂O/H⁺→BzOH+HO-PEG-M₁  (3) HO-PEG-M₁→M₂-PEG-M₁ (M₂=a macromolecule, e.g., surface, drug, protein, or polymer, or a different site on M₁.)  (4)

If desired, the order of the reaction sequence can be manipulated to avoid destruction of a chemical group sensitive to hydrogenation or hydrolysis: Bz-PEG-OH→BzO-PEG-X  (1) BzO-PEG-X→BzO-PEG-M₂ (M₂=drug, surface, polymer, or other group not sensitive to hydrogenation or hydrolysis.)  (2) BzO-PEG-M₂+H₂ (Pd/C)→BzH (or BzOH)+HO-PEG-M₂ OR BzO-PEG-M₂+H₂O/H+→BzH (or BzOH)+HO-PEG-M₂  (3) HO-PEG-M₂→M₁-PEG-M₂ (M₁=drug, surface, polymer, or other group sensitive to hydrogenation or hydrolysis.)  (4)

In another embodiment of the invention, a method of inhibiting the reactivity of HO-PEG-OH in a mixture of W—O-PEG-OH and HO-PEG-OH is disclosed. In this approach, alkylation of W—O-PEG-OH containing HO-PEG-OH produces a mixture of W—O-PEG-OR and RO-PEG-OR, where R is an alkyl group. BzO-PEG-OH+HO-PEG-OH+R—X→BzO-PEG-OR+RO-PEG-OR+HX

-   X is a leaving group such as mesylate or tosylate. -   Catalytic hydrogenation converts the BzO-PEG-OR to RO-PEG-OH.     BzO-PEG-OR+RO-PEG-OR+H₂ (Pd/C)→RO-PEG-OH+RO-PEG-OR+BzH -   Thus, a mixture of RO-PEG-OH and RO-PEG-OR is produced. -   Unlike HO-PEG-OH, RO-PEG-OR is inert and nonreactive. Thus, the     mixture is equivalent to a pure product of RO-PEG-OH in most     chemical reactions.

The foregoing and other objects, advantages, and features of the invention, and the manner in which the same are accomplished, will be more readily apparent upon consideration of the following detailed description of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides a method for preparing, in high purity and high yield, heterobifunctional derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) or related polymers. A chromatographic purification step is not necessary in the method. In accordance with the method of the invention, an intermediate polymer having a formula of W-Poly-OH is provided bearing a removable group W at one terminus. The intermediate polymer W-Poly-OH is first altered by modifying the OH group to a first functional group X, followed by the removal of W to generate a second hydroxyl group. The latter hydroxyl group may then be further converted to a second functional group Y, thus providing the desired heterobifunctional derivative: W-Poly-OH→W-Poly-X→HO-Poly-X->Y-Poly-X

In the discussion below, Poly will often be referred to for convenience as PEG or as poly(ethylene glycol). However, it should be understood that other related polymers are also suitable for use in the practice of the invention and that the use of the term PEG or poly(ethylene glycol) is intended to be inclusive and not exclusive in this respect.

Poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG is useful in biological applications because it has properties that are highly desirable and is generally approved for biological or biotechnical applications. PEG typically is clear, colorless, odorless, soluble in water, stable to heat, inert to many chemical agents, does not hydrolyze or deteriorate, and is nontoxic. Poly(ethylene glycol) is considered to be biocompatible, which is to say that PEG is capable of coexistence with living tissues or organisms without causing harm. More specifically, PEG is not immunogenic, which is to say that PEG does not tend to produce an immune response in the body. When attached to a moiety having some desirable function in the body, the PEG tends to mask the moiety and can reduce or eliminate any immune response so that an organism can tolerate the presence of the moiety. Accordingly, the heterobifunctional derivative of the invention should be substantially non-toxic and should not tend substantially to produce an immune response or cause clotting or other undesirable effects.

PEG having the formula —CH₂CH₂—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)—CH₂CH₂—, where n is from about 8 to about 4000, is one useful polymer in the practice of the invention. Other difunctional, water soluble, nonpeptidic polymers than PEG are also suitable for the present invention. These other polymers include poly(vinyl alcohol) (“PVA”); other poly(alkylene oxides) such as poly(propylene glycol) (“PPG”) and the like; and poly(oxyethylated polyols) such as poly(oxyethylated glycerol), poly(oxyethylated sorbitol), and poly(oxyethylated glucose), and the like. The polymers can be homopolymers or random or block copolymers and terpolymers based on the monomers of the above polymers, straight chain or branched.

Specific examples of suitable additional polymers include poly(oxazoline), difunctional poly(acryloylmorpholine) (“PAcM”), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (“PVP”). PVP and poly(oxazoline) are well known polymers in the art and their preparation should be readily apparent to the skilled artisan. PAcM and its synthesis and use are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,629,384 and 5,631,322, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

The terms “group,” “functional group,” “moiety,” “active moiety,” and “reactive site,” are all somewhat synonymous in the chemical arts and are used in the art and herein to refer to distinct, definable portions or units of a molecule and to units that perform some function or activity and are reactive with other molecules or portions of molecules.

The term “linkage” is used to refer to groups that normally are formed as the result of a chemical reaction and typically are covalent linkages.

It should be understood that by “drug” is meant any substance intended for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans and other animals, or to otherwise enhance physical or mental well being.

The term “macromolecule” is used to mean large molecules including, but not limited to, lipid, polysaccharide, proteins, nucleotide sequences, drugs, polymers, etc. It is often desirable to conjugate the above described polymers to such macromolecules.

In accordance with the invention, the removable group W can be removed from the polymer W-Poly-X by mild chemical reactions. Such chemical reactions can be performed in conditions under which other moieties of the polymer W-Poly-X, particularly the first functional group X, are not undesirably modified. Preferably W has a formula of Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)—O— where Ar represents a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, polycyclic aryls, substituted polycyclic aryls, and heterocyclic aryls, where R₁ and R₂ are H, alkyl, or Ar which is defined above. Thus, exemplary examples of the removable group W include, but are not limited to, benzyloxy group (C₆H₅CH₂—O—), and other arylmethyloxy groups including, but not limited to, 4-methylbenzyloxy, 3-methylbenzyloxy, 4-chlorobenzyloxy, 4-methoxybenzyloxy, diphenylmethyloxy, triphenylmethyloxy, and 1-naphthylmethyloxy. The arylmethyloxy groups can be removed from the polymer under relatively mild conditions by catalytic hydrogenolysis or acid-catalyzed hydrolysis.

In accordance with the invention, the intermediate polymer of W-Poly-OH is preferably synthesized, e.g., by polymerization of monomers of the suitable polymers onto the arylmethyloxide ion. For example, Benzyloxy-PEG-OH (BzO-PEG-OH) may be prepared in high purity and high yield by polymerization of ethylene oxide onto the benzyloxide ion BzO—. Preferably, the polymerization reaction is conducted under anhydrous conditions. In accordance with this aspect of the invention, production of HO-PEG-OH is minimized. Extensive gradient chromatography purification is not required, and the yield of BzO-PEG-OH is high. This is in contrast with the prior art method of benzylation of PEG followed by laborious extensive gradient chromatography, which inevitably leads to high cost and low yield rendering the method of little value for commercial production.

In accordance with the invention, the final product of the heterobifunctional derivative of poly(ethylene glycol) or related polymers have a formula of Y-Poly-X. The first functional group X and the second functional group Y are reactive moieties that are capable of reacting with other molecules to which the PEG derivatives are desired to be conjugated to, e.g., macromolecules including, but not limited to, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and other polymers. Examples of the first functional group X include, but are not limited to, mesylate; tosylate; tresylate; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂H where n=1-6; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂R₃ where n=1-6 and R₃ is an alkyl group; —NHR₄ where R₄ is H or alkyl or an amine protecting group such as t-Boc and Fmoc; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR₅)₂ where n is a number of 1-6, Z is O or S, R₅ is H or an alkyl group; Ar—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂— where Ar represents a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, polycyclic aryls, substituted polycyclic aryls, and heterocyclic aryls; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CHO; and —O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂R₆, where R₆ is H or NHS which represents N-succinimidyl.

Examples of the second functional group Y include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl group; mesylate; tosylate; tresylate; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂H where n=1-6; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂R₃ where n=1-6 and R₃ is an alkyl group; —NHR₄ where R₄ is H or alkyl or an amine protecting group such as t-Boc and Fmoc; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR₅)₂ where n is a number of 1-6, Z is O or S, R₅ is H or an alkyl group; Ar—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂— where Ar represents a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, polycyclic aryls, substituted polycyclic aryls, and heterocyclic aryls; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CHO; —O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂R₆, where R₆ is H or NHS which represents N-succinimidyl; and CH₂═CH—CO₂—. In a poly(ethylene glycol) derivative of the formula Y-Poly-X, the first functional group X and the second functional group Y are preferably different from each other, thus ensuring the polymer to be heterobifunctional.

Preferably, when X is Ar—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂— where Ar is as defined above, Y is —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CHO or —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR₅)₂ where n is a number of 1-6, Z is O or S, and R₅ is H or an alkyl group. When X is —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR₅)₂ where n is a number of 1-6, Z is O or S, and R₅ is H or an alkyl group, Y is preferably —O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂R₆ where R₆ is H or NHS. When X is —O—CH₂—CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CONHS, the second functional group Y is preferably CH₂═CH—CO₂—.

Although the reaction scheme of method of the present invention is demonstrated above in the equations: W-Poly-OH→W-Poly-X→HO-Poly-X→Y-Poly-X, it should be understood that there can be more than one chemical reaction steps between any of two products in the equations. For example, several sequential reaction steps may take place to convert the terminal hydroxyl group of W-Poly-OH to the first functional group X. Likewise, several reaction steps may be performed to modify the new hydroxyl group of HO-Poly-X to produce the second functional group Y.

Further, in one embodiment of the invention, before the step of removing the removable group W, the polymer W-Poly-X can be linked to a macromolecule or surface through a linkage formed between the first reactive functional group X and a suitable moiety on the surface of the macromolecule, thus conjugating the W-Poly-portion of the polymer to the macromolecule: W-Poly-M₁ where M₁ is a macromolecule such as protein, peptide, lipid, drug, polysaccharide, or other polymers, or surface of a substance, e.g., microorganism. The removable group W in the conjugate W-Poly-M₁ is thereafter removed by mild chemical reactions such as, e.g., catalytic hydrogenolysis or by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The resultant —OH can be reacted directly to, e.g., another macromolecule M₂ such as protein, peptide, lipid, drug, polysaccharide, or other polymers, or surface of a substance, e.g., microorganism to form M₂-Poly-M₁. If conjugation to another macromolecule is not desired, the —OH group can be optionally converted to an inert non-reactive group, e.g., capped by alkylation. Alternatively, the resultant —OH group can be converted to a reactive functional group Y as described above: Y-Poly-M₁. The functional group Y can then be reacted with M₂ to form M₂-Poly-M₁. W-Poly-OH→W-Poly-X (X=reactive functional group)  (1) W-Poly-X→W-Poly-M₁ (M₁=a macromolecule, e.g., surface, drug, protein, or polymer.)  (2) W-Poly-M₁+H₂ (Pd/C)→WH+HO-Poly-M₁ OR W-Poly-M₁+H₂O/H⁺→WOH+HO-Poly-M₁  (3) HO-Poly-M₁→Y₂-Poly-M₁  (4) Y-Poly-M₁+M₂→M₂-Poly-M₁ (M₂=a macromolecule, e.g., surface, drug, protein, or polymer, or a different site on M₁.)  (5)

Hydrogels can be produced in this method through crosslinking of multiple different macromolecules by the PEG related polymer Poly. However, it should be understood that, in accordance with this invention, the two functional group X and Y can also be linked to the same macromolecule, wherein the conjugating of PEG related polymers on the macromolecule may form a polymer shell on the macromolecule.

In another embodiment of the invention, the heterobifunctional derivative of PEG or related polymer Y-Poly-X made as described above can be reacted with macromolecules or other substances through the functional groups X and Y and the reactive moieties on the macromolecules or other substances. For example, X and Y can be selected such that two different types of macromolecule or other substance can be linked to X and Y respectively. It is also possible to select X and Y such that they react with the same types of macromolecules.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, heterobifunctional derivatives of poly(ethylene glycol) or related polymers are provided. Such polymers are represented by a formula of Y-Poly-X, where Poly represents poly(ethylene glycol) or related polymers as defined above. X and Y are reactive functional groups selected from the group consisting of mesylate, tosylate, tresylate, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂H where n=1-6, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂R₃ where n=1-6 and R₃ is an alkyl group, —NHR₄ where R₄ is H or alkyl or an amine protecting group such as t-Boc and Fmoc, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR₅)₂ where n is a number of 1-6, and Z is O or S, R₅ is H or an alkyl group, Ar—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂—, where Ar represents a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, polycyclic aryls, substituted polycyclic aryls, and heterocyclic aryls, —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CHO, and —O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂R₆, where R₆ is H or NHS, n is 1-6. Preferably X is different from Y.

In some embodiments, when X is Ar—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂— where Ar is as defined above, Y is —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CHO or —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR₅)₂ where n is a number of 1-6, Z is O or S, and R₅ is H or an alkyl group; when X is —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR₅)₂ where n is a number of 1-6, Z is O or S, and R₅ is H or an alkyl group, Y is preferably —O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂R₆ where R₆ is H or NHS; when X is —O—CH₂—CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CONHS, the second functional group Y is preferably CH₂═CH—CO₂—.

In some embodiments Y-POLY-X is a polymer derivative comprising the following formula:

wherein:

X is selected from the group consisting of: hydroxyl; mesylate; tosylate; tresylate; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂H wherein (n) is a number of 1-6; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂R₃ wherein (n) is a number of 1-6 and R₃ is an alkyl group; —NHR₄ wherein R₄ is H or alkyl or an amine protecting group; —O—(CH₂)—CH(ZR₅)₂ wherein (n) is a number of 1-6, Z is O or S, and R₅ is H or an alkyl group; Ar—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂—, where Ar represents a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, polycyclic aryls, substituted polycyclic aryls, and heterocyclic aryls; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CHO wherein (n) is a number of 1-6; and —O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂R₆, wherein R₆ is H or N-succinimidyl;

POLY is a water-soluble and non-peptidic polymer;

(p) is zero or a number of 1-6 (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6);

(q) is zero of a number of 1-6 (i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6);

(r) is either zero or one, with the understanding that if (r) is one, the polymer derivative has a positive charge;

each R₁₀, when present, is independently H or and alkyl group;

each R₁₁, when present, is independently H or and alkyl group;

each R₁₂, when present, is independently H or and alkyl group;

each R₁₃, when present, is independently H or and alkyl group;

R₁₄ is H or and alkyl group;

R₁₅, when present, is H or and alkyl group; and

Ar′ is a moiety selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, polycyclic aryls, substituted polycyclic aryls, and heterocyclic aryls; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CHO wherein (n) is a number of 1-6; and —O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂R₆, wherein R₆ is H or N-succinimidyl.

With respect to polymer derivatives corresponding to Formula (I), a positive charge will be associated with the polymer when (r) is one as a result of the quaternary nitrogen. With respect to each of R₁₅ (when present) and R₁₄, it is preferred that these substituents are lower alkyl (methyl, ethyl and so forth). When the polymer derivative is in the charged form, it is possible for the polymer derivative to take the form of a salt. Counterions to complement the positively charged polymer derivative to provide the salt form include chloride, bromide and iodide, with the chloride salt form being preferred.

In some instances (q) will be 1 and each of R₁₂ and R₁₃ will be H, thereby providing a benzyl moiety when Ar′ is phenyl. In some instances (p) will be zero, particularly when POLY is defined as —CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n′)—CH₂CH₂— and (n) is from about 8 to about 4000.

With respect to the X, it is preferred that X is hydroxyl and Ar′ is phenyl.

A particularly preferred polymer derivative comprises the following structure:

wherein (n) is from about 8 to about 4000.

The polymer derivatives of Formula (I) can exist in a solid form (typically when in the form of a salt) or liquid form (e.g., solution or suspension). The polymer derivatives can be useful as part of a composition. The composition can comprise both the polymer derivative as well as a macromolecule (preferably a therapeutic macromolecule useful in treating a patient suffering from a condition or disease). The composition (either with or without the macromolecule) can, for example, serve as a useful starting point for further synthetic steps, such as when preparing a pharmaceutical composition.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for preparing a heterobifunctional derivative of poly(ethylene glycol) or related polymers having a formula of X-Poly_(a)-O—CHR₅(CH₂)_(n)CO₂-Poly_(b)-X, where Poly_(a) and Poly_(b) represent the same types of polymers repesented by Poly as described above, n is 0-6, and R₅ is H or alkyl, X is a reactive functional group. Substantially pure form of the heterobifunctional derivatives can be produced in high purity and high yield without having to resort to a chromatography purification step.

In the method, a first polymer having a formula of Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O-Poly_(b)-U and a second polymer of Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O-Poly_(a)-CHR₅(CH₂)_(n)CO—V are provided where R₁ and R₂ are H, alkyl, or Ar where Ar is as defined above and is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, biphenyl, substituted biphenyl, polycyclic aryls, substituted polycyclic aryls, and heterocylicaryls, and where U and V are moieties so selected that the first polymer can react with the second polymer to form a polymer of Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O-Poly_(a)-O—CHR₅(CH₂)CO₂-Poly_(b)-OC(R₁)(R₂)—Ar. As described above, the first polymer and the second polymer can be made by forming separately Poly_(b) and Poly_(a) directly onto an arylmethyloxide ion Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O⁻ to produce Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O-Poly_(a)-OH or Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O-Poly_(b)-OH, and optionally, subsequently modifying the terminal hydroxyl group to moieties U and V respectively, such that the two polymer can be linked in, e.g., an ester linkage. The linked polymer can then be modified by removing the Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O— moieties by catalytic hydrogenolysis or by acide-catalyzed hydrolysis. The resultant —OH groups can optionally be converted into other reactive functional groups. Examples of the reactive functional group X include, but are not limited to, —OH; CH₂═CR₅CO₂— where R₅ is H or alkyl; —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR)₂ where R is H or alkyl, Z is O or S and n is 1-6; NHS—O₂CO— where NHS represents N-succinimidyl. In a preferred embodiment, U is —OH and V is a halogen group such as —Cl.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for preparing a bifunctional derivative of poly(ethylene glycol) or related polymers having a formula of R₈O-Poly_(a)-O—CHR₅(CH₂)_(n)CO₂-Poly_(b)-Y, where Poly_(a), Poly_(b), n, R₅ are as defined above, and R₈ is H or an alkyl group. Y is a reactive functional group. The method is free of a chromatography step. In the method, a first polymer of Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O-Poly_(b)-U, is provided as described above. A second polymer of R₈O-Poly_(a)-CHR₅(CH₂)_(n)CO—V, is also provided where R₈ is H or alkyl, or Ar where Ar is defined as above. The moieties U and V can be reacted with each other to form, e.g., an ester linkage such that the first polymer can be linked with the second polymer to form the polymer of R₈O-Poly_(a)-O—CHR₅(CH₂)_(n)CO₂-Poly_(b)-OC(R₁)(R₂)—Ar. The Ar—C(R₁)(R₂)O-moiety can then be converted into a desirable functional group. Preferably, U is —OH, and V is a halogen group such as —Cl. Y can be a functional group such as —OH; CH₂═CR₅CO₂— where R₅ is H or alkyl; and —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CH(ZR)₂ where R is H or alkyl, Z is O or S and n is 1-6; and —O—(CH₂)_(n)—CO₂H where n is 1-6.

In accordance with yet another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for making a polymer of R₉O-Poly-OH without contaminating the polymer with the reactivity of HO-Poly-OH. Poly is as defined above, and R₉ is an and alkyl or aryl group. As disclosed in the prior art, removing HO-Poly-OH such as HO-PEG-OH from a preparation of PEG derivatives normally requires extensive and laborious purification steps using, e.g., chromatography. The method of the present invention obviates this requirement. In the method, Ar—CR₁R₂O-Poly-OH is first synthesized by forming the polymer Poly onto the arylmethyloxide ion Ar—CR₁R₂O⁻. The Ar—CR₁R₂O-Poly-OH is then alkylated to convert the polymers to Ar—CR₁R₂—O-PEG-OR₉. Any impurity of HO-Poly-OH is converted to R₉O-PEG-OR₉ upon alkylation. The next step is to convert the Ar—CR₁R₂—O— moiety into —OH by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or hydrogenolysis and forming a new mixture of R₉O-PEG-OH and R₉O-PEG-OR₉. Since R₉O-PEG-OR₉ is inert in most chemical reactions, the mixture is chemically equivalent to pure R₉O-PEG-OH. Optionally, the R₉O-PEG-OH can be further converted to R₉O-PEG-CHO.

The following examples are given to illustrate the invention, but should not be considered limiting.

Example 1. Synthesis of HO-PEG-NH₃ ⁺Cl⁻

Example 2. Synthesis of HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H

Example 3. Synthesis of Cl⁻H₃N⁺-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂H

Example 4. Synthesis of Cl⁻H₃N⁺-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H

Example 5. Synthesis of C₆H₅—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂

Example 6. Synthesis of NHS-O₂CO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-O—CO₂NHS (NHS=N-succinimidyl)

Example 7. Synthesis of CH₂═CH—CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-O₂C—CH═CH₂

Example 8. Synthesis of CH₃O-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OH

Example 9. Synthesis of NHS—O₂CCH₂CH₂COO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂

Example 10. Synthesis of CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OCH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂NHS

Example 11. Alkylation: Preparation of CH₃O-PEG-OH absent HO-PEG-OH from a mixture of BzO-PEG-OH and HO-PEG-OH

Example 12. Synthesis of Benzyldimethylammonium-PEG-OH

EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of HO-PEG-NH₃ ⁺Cl⁻

Reactions: BzO-PEG-OH+MsCl+(CH₃CH₂)₃N→BzO-PEG-OMs+(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺Cl⁻ BzO-PEG-OMs+2NH₃→BzO-PEG-NH₂+NH₄ ⁺OMs⁻ BzO-PEG-NH₂+H₂O+HCl→HO-PEG-NH₃ ⁺Cl⁻+BzOH

a) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OMs: BzO-PEG-OH (MW=3400, 34 g, 10 mmole) in 150 ml of toluene was azeotropically distilled for 2 hours under nitrogen and the solution was cooled to room temperature. To the solution was added 40 ml of dry methylene chloride and 2.1 ml of dry triethylamine (15 mmole). The solution was cooled in an ice bath and 1.2 ml of dry mesyl chloride (15 mmole) was added dropwise. The solution was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen overnight and the reaction was quenched by adding 2 ml absolute ethanol. The mixture was evaporated under vacuum to remove solvents, primarily those other than toluene, filtered, concentrated again under vacuum, and then precipitated into 100 ml of ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo. Yield 34 g (100%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.31 (t, OCH₂CH ₂OMs), \4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂—OPEG-), 7.33 (s+complex mult., C₆ H ₅—CH₂—OPEG-).

b) Preparation of BzO-PEG-NH₂: BzO-PEG-OMs (25 g, 7.35 mmole) was dissolved in 500 ml of aqueous ammonia solution containing 5 g of ammonium chloride and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The solution was then extracted three times with methylene chloride. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, condensed under vacuum, and the product precipitated with 100 ml of ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo. Yield 23 g (92%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 2.9 (t, —CH ₂NH₂), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂—OPEG-), 7.33 (s+complex mult., C₆ H ₅—CH₂—OPEG-).

c) Preparation of HO-PEG-NH₃ ⁺Cl⁻: A solution of BzO-PEG-NH₂ (46 g, 14 mmoles) in 200 ml of concentrated HCl (12 M) was stirred at room temperature for 44 h. It was then diluted to 1200 ml with water and NaCl was added to make a 15% solution. The aqueous solution was extracted three times with methylene chloride and the combined extracts were dried over sodium sulfate. The methylene chloride was concentrated under vacuum and the product precipitated by the addition of ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature. Yield: 42 g (95%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 2.96 (t, CH₂—N), 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.6 (br, OH), 7.9 (br, NH₃ ⁺).

EXAMPLE 2 Preparation of HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H

Reactions: BzO-PEG-OH+(CH₃)₃O⁻K⁺→BzO-PEG-O⁻K⁺+(CH₃)₃OH BzO-PEG-O⁻K⁺+Br—CH₂CO₂C(CH₃)→→BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂C(CH₃)₃+KBr BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂C(CH₃)₃+H₂O (H⁺)→→HO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂H+BzOH+(CH₃)₃OH

a) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂C(CH₃)₃: BzO-PEG-OH (MW=3400, 40 g, 11.7 mmole) was azeotropically dried with 250 ml toluene under N₂. After two hours, the solution was cooled to room temperature. Potassium tert-butoxide (2.8 g, 23.5 mmole) dissolved in 90 ml tert-butanol and 90 ml toluene was added to the above PEG solution. The mixture was stirred for two hours at room temperature. Tert-butyl bromoacetate (4 ml, 26.3 mmole) was added, and the solution was stirred under N₂ at room temperature overnight. The solution was filtered, condensed under vacuum, and precipitated into 300 ml of ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.5 (s, t-Bu), 3.51 (m, PEG), 3.98 (s, —OCH ₂CO₂—), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅CH ₂O—), 7.33 (s+comp. mult., C₆ H ₅CH₂O—).

b) Preparation of HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H: BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂C(CH₃)₃ (10 g) was dissolved in 100 ml of hydrochloric acid (37%), and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 48 hours. The solution was diluted with one liter of distilled water and the pH was adjusted to 2 with 1N sodium hydroxide solution. The solution was then extracted three times with methylene chloride. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered to remove salt, condensed under vacuum, and precipitated into ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. Yield 8.5 g (85%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.51 (br m, PEG), 4.01 (s, -PEGOCH ₂COOH).

EXAMPLE 3 Preparation of Cl H₃N+-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂H

HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H+CH₃OH (H⁺)→HO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂CH₃+H₂O HO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂CH₃+MsCl+(CH₃CH₂)₃N→→MsO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂CH₃+(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺Cl⁻ MsO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂CH₃+NH₄ ⁺OH⁻→→H₂N-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂ ⁻NH₄ ⁺+CH₃OH H₂N-PEG-O-CH₂CO₂ ⁻NH₄ ⁺+HCl→Cl⁻H₃N⁺-PEG-O-CH₂CO₂H

a) Preparation of HO-PEG₃₄₀₀-OCH₂CO₂CH₃: HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H (15 g) prepared as in Example 2 was dissolved in 75 ml of methanol and 3 ml of concentrated H₂SO₄ was added to the resulting solution. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h and 180 ml of 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ was carefully added. Sodium chloride (25 g) was then added and the pH of the resulting solution was adjusted to 7.0 with 5% Na₂HPO₄. The solution was extracted with methylene chloride and the combined organic phases were dried over Na₂SO₄. The methylene chloride solution was then evaporated to 20 ml and the product precipitated with 300 ml of cold ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature to obtain 13.5 g of product which was shown to be 100% pure by GPC.

b) Preparation of MsO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH₂: HO-PEG₃₄₀₀-OCH₂CO₂CH₃ (13.5 g) was dissolved in 400 ml of CHCl₃ and about 200 ml of solvent was distilled. The residual solution was cooled to room temperature and triethylamine (0.72 ml) was added, followed by 0.38 ml of MsCl. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight under N₂ at room temperature, 2 ml of ethanol was added, and the resulting mixture was stirred 15 minutes. After evaporating the solvent under vacuum (55 EC bath), 300 ml of cold ethyl ether was added and the resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature. The yield was 14 g and the ¹H nmr spectrum indicated 100% mesylation.

c) Preparation of H₂N-PEG₃₄₀₀-CO₂ ⁻NH₄ ⁺: MsO—OCH₂CO₂CH₃ (13 g) was dissolved in 70 ml of H₂O and the pH was adjusted to 12. After stirring for 1.5 h while maintaining the pH at 12, 250 of NH₄OH solution containing 5% NH₄Cl was added. The reaction mixture was then stirred for about 40 h NaCl was added to bring its concentration to about 8%. The resulting solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and dried over Na₂SO₄. The CH₂Cl₂ phase was evaporated to about 20 ml and precipitated with about 300 ml of cold ethyl ether. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature. The yield was 12.5 g. The purity was 97% by ¹H nmr and 95% pure by GPC.

d) Preparation of Cl⁻H₃N⁺-PEG₃₄₀₀-O—CH₂CO₂H: H₂N-PEG-CO₂ ⁻NH₄ ⁺ was dissolved on H₂O (50 ml) containing 15% NaCl. The pH was adjusted to 3.0 with 1 N HCl and the resulting solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The CH₂Cl₂ extract was dried over Na₂SO₄, evaporated to about 20 ml and the product precipitated with about 300 ml of ethyl ether and dried under vacuum at room temperature. The purity was 95% by ¹H NMR.

EXAMPLE 4 Preparation of Cl⁻H₃N⁺-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H

BzO-PEG-OH+CH₂═CH—CN→BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CN BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CN+H₂O/H⁺→HO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CONH₂ HO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CONH₂+KOH/H₂O→HO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H HO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H+CH₃OH/H⁺→HO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃ HO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃+MsCl+(CH₃CH₂)₃N→→MsO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃+(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺Cl MsO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂CH₃+NaOH/H₂O→→MsO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂ ⁻Na⁺ MsO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂Na+NH₄OH→H₂N-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂ ⁻NH₄ ⁺ H₂N-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂ ⁻NH₄ ⁺+HCl→Cl⁻ ⁺H₃N-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H

a) Preparation of HO-PEG₃₄₀₀-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H: BzO-PEG-OH (100 g) was dissolved in 100 ml of H₂O, 5 ml of 40% aqueous KOH was added to the resulting solution and the mixture stirred for 1 h. The solution was then cooled to 0 EC and 50 ml of acrylonitrile was added under argon. After stirring 3 h, 1 l of 20% NaCl in H₂O was added and the pH adjusted to 7.0 with 10% NaH₂PO₄. The solution was then extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the extract dried over Na₂SO₄. After evaporating the solvent under vacuum, the residue was dissolved in 500 ml of concentrated HCl and stirred at room temperature for 60 h. The solution was then added to a solution of 240 g of NaOH in 1.2 l of H₂O, NaCl was added to make an 8% solution, and the pH was adjusted to 7.0. The solution was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ and the extract was dried over Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness under vacuum. The residue was stirred 20 h in 1.5 l of 8% KOH, then 180 ml of concentrated HCl and NaCl (8%) was added. The pH was adjusted to 3.0 and the product extracted with methylene chloride. The extract was dried over Na₂SO₄, evaporated, and the product precipitated with ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to obtain 90 g containing 91% of HO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H by GPC.

b) Preparation of Cl⁻ ⁺H₃N-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H: HO-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H was converted to Cl⁻ ⁺H₃N-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂H by the same procedure as described for conversion of HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H to Cl⁻H₃N⁺-PEG₃₄₀₀-O—CH₂CO₂H in Example 3.

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of C₆H₅—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂

Reactions: BzO-PEG-OH+ClCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+NaOH→BzO-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+NaCl BzO-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+H₂ (Pd,C)→→BzH+HO-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ HO-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+C₆H₅—CH═CH—CH═CH—COCl+(CH₃CH₂)₃N→C₆H₅—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺Cl⁻

a) Preparation of BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂: In a 3-necked, 500 ml round-bottom flask were placed 300 ml of dioxane and 14 g of BzO-PEG-OH (MW=3400, 0.0040 moles). The resulting solution was then azeotropically dried by distillation under N₂ of 130 ml of solvent. After cooling the solution, finely powdered NaOH (0.8 g, 0.02 moles) and ClCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ (3 ml, 0.02 moles) were added under N₂ and the resulting suspension was rapidly stirred while refluxing over a 24 h period. Thirty ml of dioxane was then removed by distillation and the rapidly stirred solution was refluxed under N₂ for an additional 24 h. The suspension was then cooled and filtered with the addition of Celite®. The filtrate was evaporated under vacuum and 200 ml of ethyl ether was added to the residual oil. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature to obtain a tan powder (13.6 g). The powder was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (35 ml) and reprecipitated by the addition of 500 ml of cold ethyl ether. The precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature to obtain 13.0 g of BzO-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ as a white powder (purity 94-98% by ¹H nmr). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.11 (t, OCH₂CH ₃); 3.51 (br m, O—CH₂CH ₂—O), 4.48 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂O⁻); 4.55 (t, —CH(OC₂H₅)₂), 7.32 (s, C₆H₅—)

b) Preparation of HO-PEG-O CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂: BzO-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ (13 g) was dissolved in 150 ml of 95% ethanol and 6.5 g of 10% Pd on charcoal was added under N₂. The suspension was shaken 70 h under H₂ (40 psi) and the suspension filtered. The residual catalyst was washed with 2×25 ml of boiling chloroform and the washings combined with the ethanol filtrate and evaporated under vacuum to obtain a clear, colorless oil. To the oil was added 400 ml of cold ethyl ether and the resulting precipitate collected by filtration to obtain, after vacuum drying at room temperature, 11.3 g of HO-PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ as a white powder (92% pure by ¹H nmr). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10, (t, OCH₂CH ₃), 3.51 (br m, O—CH ₂CH ₂—O), 4.55, (m, HO+—CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂)

c) Preparation of C₆H₅—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂: A solution of cinnamylideneacetic acid (1.7 g, 0.01 moles) and thionyl chloride (3 ml, 0.04 moles) in 50 ml of hexane were refluxed under N₂ for 4 h, then filtered to remove a small amount of dark solid and the filtrate evaporated under vacuum. The residue was dried under vacuum overnight at room temperature to obtain 1.5 g of cinnamylideneacetyl chloride as a yellow solid, m.p. 51-52° C.)

A solution of HO-PEG-O CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ (3.4 g, mmole) in toluene (50 ml) was azeotropically distilled under nitrogen for 2 h to remove traces of water, then cooled to room temperature. Triethylamine was distilled from KOH under nitrogen and 0.28 ml (2 mmoles) of the fresh distillate was injected under nitrogen into the solution of HO-PEG-O CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ in toluene. To the resulting solution was added cinnamylidene acetyl chloride (C₆H₅CH═CH—CH═CHCOCl) dropwise under nitrogen at room temperature with rapid stirring. Stirring was allowed to continue for three days under the same conditions and the white precipitate was removed by filtration. The filtrate was evaporated to 20 ml under vacuum and 300 ml of cold ether was added. The pale yellow precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to obtain 3.4 g of pale yellow powder. The powder was dissolved in methylene chloride and extracted once with 50 ml of aqueous saturated sodium chloride and once with water. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, evaporated to 25 ml, and 300 ml of cold ether was added with swirling. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature to obtain 3.05 g (86%) of C₆H₅—CH═CH—CH═CH—CO₂PEG-OCH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ as a pale yellow powder. ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.11 ppm (t, CH ₃CH₂O—, 3.51 ppm (m, PEG-O—CH ₂CH ₂—O+CH₃CHH₂O—); 4.20 ppm (t, —CH ₂O₂C—), 4.52 ppm (t, —CH(OC₂H₅)₂) 6.11 (d, ═CH, 7.57-7.12 (comp. mult., C₆ H ₅—+═CH) Purity by nmr: 89-96%.

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of NHS—O₂CO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-O—CO₂NHS (NHS=Nsuccinimidyl)

BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂C(CH₃)₃+NaOH→BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂Na+(CH₃)₃OH BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂Na+HCl→BzO-PEG-O—CH₂CO₂H+NaCl BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H+SOCl₂→BzO-PEG-O—CH₂COCl+SO₂+HCl BzO-PEG-OCH₂COCl+BzO-PEG-OH+(CH₃CH₂)₃N→BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂PEGOBz+(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺Cl⁻ BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂PEGOBz+H₂ (Pd, C)→→HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂PEGOH+2BzH HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂PEGOH+NHS—OCO₂—NHS+pyridine→→NHS—O₂CO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-O-CO₂NHS Reactions:

a) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H: BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂C(CH₃)₃ (20 g) was dissolved in distilled water and the pH adjusted to 12.0 with 1N NaOH solution. The solution was kept at pH 12.0 for two hours by continuous addition of NaOH solution and the solution was stirred overnight. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 2.5 by addition of 1N HCl solution and the solution was extracted three times with methylene chloride. The combined organic methylene chloride phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered, and the filtrate condensed under vacuum before precipitating the product with ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature. Yield 18 g (90%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.01 (s, -PEGOCH ₂COOH), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂—OPEG-), 7.33 (s+com, C₆ H ₅—CH₂—OPEG-).

b) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OBz: In a 100 ml round-bottom flask, BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H (MW=3400, 3.4 g, 1 mmol) in toluene was dried by azeotropic distillation. A solution of thionyl chloride (2M, 4 ml, 8 mmole) in methylene chloride was injected and the mixture was stirred under N₂ overnight. The solvent was condensed by rotary evaporation and the syrup was dried in vacuo for about four hours over P₂O₅ powder. To the residue was added 5 ml of anhydrous methylene chloride and azeotropically dried BzO-PEG-OH (MW=3400, 2.55 g, 0.75 mmol) in toluene (20 ml). After the BzO-PEG-OCH₂COCl was dissolved, freshly distilled triethylamine (0.6 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight. The triethylamine salt was removed by filtration and the product collected by precipitation with ethyl ether. It was further purified by dissolving in water and extracting with methylene chloride. Gel permeation chromatography of the product showed that 100% of BzO-PEG-OH had been converted to the ester. The mixture was then chromatographed on an ion-exchange column (DEAE sepharose fast flow, Pharmacia) to remove the BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H and pure BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OBz was obtained. Yield: 4.1 gram (80%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.14 (s, -PEGOCH ₂COOPEG-), 4.18 (t, -PEGO—CH₂COOCH ₂CH₂OPEG-), 4.48 (s, Ar—CH ₂O) 7.32 (s, C₆ H ₅—)

c) Preparation of HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OH: A solution of BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OBz (MW=6800, 2 g, 0.59 mmole) in 1,4-dioxane (20 ml) was hydrogenolyzed with H₂ (2 atm) and 1 gram Pd/C (10%) overnight. The catalyst was removed by filtration and the product precipitated into ethyl ether after most of the solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator. Pure HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OH was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature to yield: 1.5 g (75%) of HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OH. ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.14 (s, -PEGOCH ₂COOPEG-), 4.18 (t, -PEGO—CH₂COOCH ₂CH₂OPEG-).

d) Preparation of NHS—O₂CO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-O—CO₂NHS: HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OH (2 g, 0.29 mmole) was azeotropically distilled with 100 ml acetonitrile and then slowly cooled to room temperature. To the resulting solution were added disuccinimidyl carbonate (621 mg, 1.17 mmole) and pyridine (0.3 ml), and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then removed under vacuum and 35 ml of dry methylene chloride was added to the residue. The insoluble solid was removed by filtration and the filtrate was washed with pH 4.5 sodium chloride saturated acetate buffer. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and the solvent removed under vacuum. Ethyl ether was added and the precipitate was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum. Yield: 1.8 g (90%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.14 (s, -PEGOCH ₂COOPEG-), 4.18 (t, -PEGOCH₂COOCH ₂CH₂OPEG-), 4.45 (t, -PEGOCH₂CH ₂OCONHS), 2.81 (s, NHS)

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of CH₂═CH—CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-O₂C—CH═CH₂

HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂PEGOH+CH₂═CH—COCl+(CH₃CH₂)₃N→CH₂═CH—CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-O₂C—CH═CH₂+(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺Cl

Preparation of CH₂═CH—CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-O₂C—CH═CH₂: HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂-PEG-OH (M.W.=6800, 1.5 g, 0.44 mmole end group) was azeotropically dried with 100 ml of toluene for two hours. The solution was cooled to room temperature under N₂ and 25 ml of methylene chloride and triethylamine (TEA, 0.56 mmole) was added. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and acryloyl chloride (1.5 mmole) in CH₂Cl₂ was added dropwise to the solution. After addition of acryloyl chloride, the ice bath was removed and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. One ml of ethanol was added to consume excess acryloyl chloride and the methylene chloride was then condensed under vacuum. The salt was removed by filtration, and the remaining solution precipitated into 100 ml of ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo. The product was dissolved in 50 ml of chloroform and sodium carbonate (1.3 g) was added. The mixture was stirred vigorously at room temperature overnight. The salt was removed by filtration and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in 5 ml of methylene chloride and the solution added to 100 ml of ethyl ether. The resulting precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with 20 ml of 2 propanol and then with 40 ml of ether. The product was finally dried in vacuo. Yield: 1.35 g (90%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3. dissolved in 5 ml methylene chloride and then precipitated into 100 ml of ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration, washed with 20 ml of 2-propanol and then 40 ml ether. 5 (br m, PEG), 4.14 (t, -PEGOCH ₂COOPEG-), 4.18 (t, -PEGOCH₂COOCH ₂CH₂OPEG-), 4.21 (t, CH₂═CH—COO—CH ₂CH₂—O-PEG-, 4H), 5.85-6.45 (m, CH ₂═CHCOOPEG-).

EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of CH₃O-PEG-O—CH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OH

Reactions: CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂H+SOCl₂→→CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂COCl+SO₂+HCl CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂COCl+BzO-PEG-OH+(CH₃CH₂)₃N→→CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂PEG-O-Bz+(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺Cl⁻ CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂PEG-O-Bz+H₂ (Pd,C)→→CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂PEGOH

a) Preparation of CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OBz: In a 100 ml round-bottom flask, a solution of CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂H (MW=2000, 2 g, 1 mmole) was dissolved in toluene and azeotropically dried for two hours. After slowly cooling to room temperature, the solution was added to thionyl chloride (3 ml, 6 mmole) in methylene chloride and then stirred under N₂ overnight. The solvent was then removed by rotary evaporation and the residual syrup was dried in vacuo for about four hours over P₂O₅ powder. To the solid was added 5 ml of anhydrous methylene chloride and a solution (20 ml) of azeotropically dried BzO-PEG-OH (MW=3400, 2.04 g, 0.60 mmol) in toluene. To the resulting solution was added 0.6 ml of freshly distilled triethylamine and the solution was stirred overnight. The triethylamine salt was removed by filtration and the crude product was precipitated with ethyl ether and collected by filtration. The mixture was then purified by ion-exchange chromatography (DEAE sepharose fast flow column, Pharmacia). Pure CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OBz was obtained. Yield: 2.6 g (80%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br. mult., PEG), 3.24 (s, CH ₃OPEG-), 4.48 (s, -PEGOCH ₂C₆H₅), 7.33 (s+comp. mult., -PEGOCH₂C₆ H ₅), 2.55 (t, —OCH₂CH ₂CO₂PEG-), 4.13 (t, -PEG-CO₂CH ₂CH ₂O-PEG)

b) Preparation of CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OH: A solution of 2 g of CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OBz in 1,4-dioxane was hydrogenolyzed with H₂ (2 atm) on 1 gram Pd/C (10%) overnight. The catalyst was removed by filtration, the solvent was condensed under vacuum and the solution was added to ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature to yield: 1.5 g (75%) of CH₃O-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OH. ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br. mult. PEG),3.24 (s, CH ₃OPEG-), 2.55 (t, OCH₂CH ₂CO₂PEG-), 4.13 (t, -PEG-CO₂CH ₂CH₂O-PEG)

EXAMPLE 9 Preparation of NHS—O₂CCH₂CH₂COO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂

Reactions: BzO-PEG-OH+MsCl+(H₅C₂)₃N→BzO-PEG-OMs+(H₅C₂)₃N⁺Cl⁻ BzO-PEG-OMs+NaH+HOCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂→→BzO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ BZO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+H₂ (Pd,C)→→BzH+HO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ HO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+succinic anhydride+pyridine→→HO₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ HO₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂+DCC+NHS→→NHS—O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂

a) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OMs: BzO-PEG-OH (MW=3400, 25 g, 7.35 mmol) in 150 ml of toluene was azeotropically distilled for 1 hour under nitrogen and the solution was cooled to room temperature. To the solution was added 20 ml of dry methylene chloride, 1.14 ml of dry triethylamine (8.16 mmol) and 0.61 ml of dry mesyl chloride (7.86 mmol) dropwise. The solution was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen overnight and the reaction was quenched by adding 5 ml absolute ethanol. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum, filtered, concentrated again under vacuum and precipitated into ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo. Yield 23 g (100%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.31 (t, OCH₂CH ₂OMs), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂—O-PEG-), 7.33 (s+comp m., C₆ H ₅—CH₂—O-PEG-).

b) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂: A solution of 3,3-diethoxypropanol (9.806 g, 66.2 mmol) was azeotropically distilled in 90 ml of toluene for 1 hour under nitrogen. After cooling to room temperature the solution was added to a dispersion of sodium hydride (60% in mineral oil, 2.75 g, 68.7 mmol) in 50 ml of anhydrous toluene. The solution was mixed for 2 h under mild heating at 35 EC and then filtered. The filtrate was added to an azeotropically distilled solution of BzOPEG-OMs (23 g, 6.76 mmol) in 150 ml toluene. The mixture was stirred for 20 hours at 125 EC under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and the residue was dissolved in 80 ml of methylene chloride. The solution was filtered and the product was precipitated with 1 liter of cold isopropyl alcohol. The product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo. The powder was dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water and extracted three times with 200 ml methylene chloride. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum, filtered and precipitated into ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo. Yield 19 g (100%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10 (t, —CH(OCH₂CH ₃)₂, 1.73 (q, —OCH₂CH ₂—CH), 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CHH₂—OPEG-), 4.56 (m, —CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂), 7.33 (s+comp m, C₆ H ₅—CH₂—O-PEG-).

c) Preparation of HO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂: BzO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ (10 g, 2.94 mmol) was dissolved in 100 ml of 96% ethanol and 5.0 g of 10% Pd on charcoal was added under nitrogen. The suspension was shaken 48 h under H₂ (40 psi) and the suspension filtered. The residual catalyst was washed with methylene chloride. The product in the combined filtrate of methylene chloride and ethanol was concentrated under vacuum and filtered. The viscous solution was precipitated into cold ethyl ether, and the product recovered by filtration and dried in vacuo. Yield 15 g. ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10 (t, —CH(OCH₂CH ₃)₂, 1.72 (q, —OCH₂CH ₂—CH), 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.55 (m, —CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂).

d) Preparation of HO₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂: HO-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OC₂H₅)₂ (3 g, 0.88 mmol) and BHT (5 mg) were dissolved in 20 ml of anhydrous toluene and azeotropically distilled at 120 EC for 1 hour under nitrogen. After cooling the solution to 75 EC, pyridine (0.36 ml) and succinic anhydride (0.353 g) were added and stirred at 75 EC for 24 hours. The solution was concentrated under vacuum, filtered and precipitated into cold ethyl ether. The precipitate was recovered by filtration and dried in vacuo. The powder was reconstituted in 50 ml deionized water and 1 M sodium hydroxide was added dropwise to maintain a constant pH of 7.2 for 1 hour. 1N HCl was quickly added dropwise to obtain a pH of 3.0 and immediately extracted 3 times into 100 ml methylene chloride. The product in the organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated under vacuum, precipitated into cold ethyl ether, recovered by filtration and dried in vacuo. Yield 2.0 g (88%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10 (t, CH(OCH₂CH ₃)₂, 1.72 (q, —OCH₂CH ₂—CH), 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.12 (t, —CO₂CH ₂—), 4.55 (t, —CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂).

e) Preparation of NHS—O₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂: HO₂CCH₂CH₂CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CH₂CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂ (2.0 g, 0.56 mmol) was dissolved in 20 ml anhydrous methylene chloride under a nitrogen atmosphere. N-hydroxysuccinimide (105 mg, 0.91 mmol) was first added to the solution and then dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (174 mg, 0.84 mmol) was added. The solution was stirred overnight at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The product was concentrated under vacuum, filtered, precipitated into cold ethyl ether, recovered by filtration and dried in vacuo. Yield 1.5 g (99%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 1.10 (t, —CH(OCH₂CH ₃)₂, 1.72 (q, —OCH₂CH ₂—CH), 2.80 (s, NHS), 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.12 (t, —CO₂CH ₂—), 4.55 (t, —CH(OCH₂CH₃)₂).

EXAMPLE 10 Preparation of CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂NHS

Reactions: BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H+SOCl₂→BzO-PEG-OCH₂COCl+SO₂+HCl BzO-PEG-OCH₂COCl+HOCH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H→→BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H+HCl BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H+H₂ (Pd/C))→→HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H+BzH HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H+CH₂═CHCOCl+2(CH₃CH₂)₃N→→CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂ ⁻+2(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺+Cl⁻ CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂ ⁻(CH₃CH₂)₃NH⁺+(HOAc/NaOAc)→CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H+(CH₃CH₂)₃N CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H+NHS+DCC→→CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CONHS

a) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂—CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H: BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H (MW=3400, 15 g, 4.4 mmole) was azeotropically dried with 60 ml of toluene under N₂. After two hours, the solution was slowly cooled to room temperature. To this solution was added thionyl chloride (18 ml, 36 mmole). The resulting solution was stirred overnight, the solvent condensed by rotary evaporation, and the syrup dried in vacuo for about four hours over P₂O₅ powder. 3-hydroxybutyric acid (1.45 g, 13.5 mmole) was azeotropically dried with 70 ml of 1,4-dioxane, and then added to the dried BzO-PEG-OCH₂COCl. After the PEG acyl chloride had dissolved, 4.5 ml of dry triethylamine was injected into the system and the solution was stirred overnight. The salt was removed by filtration and the filtrate was condensed on a rotary evaporator at 55 EC and dried in vacuo. The crude product was then dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water and the pH of the solution was adjusted to 3.0. The aqueous phase was extracted three times with a total of 80 ml of methylene chloride. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, condensed on a rotary evaporator, and precipitated into 100 ml of ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo at room temperature. Yield 14 g (93%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 2.58 (d, -PEGCOOCH(CH₃)CH₂COOH), 5.14 (h, -PEG-COOCH(CH₃)CH₂COOH), 1.21 (d, -PEGCOOCH(CH ₃)CH₂COOH), 4.055 (s, PEGOCH ₂COO), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂—OPEG-), 7.33 (s+comp. mult., C₆ H ₅CH₂—OPEG-).

b) Preparation of HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂—CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H: A solution of BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂—OCH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H (8 g) in benzene (50 ml) was hydrogenolyzed with H₂ (2 atm) on 4 gram Pd/C (10%) at room temperature for 48 hours. The catalyst was removed by filtration, the solvent was condensed, and the solution was precipitated into ethyl ether. The product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo at room temperature. Yield: 6.6 gram (83%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 2.51 (d, -PEGCO₂CH(CH₃)CH ₂CO₂H), 5.16 (h, -PEG-CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H), 1.22 (ds PEG-CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H), 4.06 (s, -PEGOCHCO₂CH(CH₃)—

c) Preparation of CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂—CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H: HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H (3 g, 0.88 mmole) was azeotropically distilled with 40 ml of toluene under N₂ until approximately 15 ml of solution remained. The solution was then cooled to room temperature under N₂ and 25 ml of methylene chloride and triethylamine (1.5 mmole) were added. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and acryloyl chloride (2 mmole) were added dropwise. After addition of acryloyl chloride, the ice bath was removed and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The methylene chloride was then partially removed under vacuum, the salt was removed by filtration, and the filtrate added to 100 ml of ether. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo. The product was then dissolved in sodium acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 5.5), stirred for half an hour, and extracted three times with methylene chloride. The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, condensed, and precipitated in 100 ml of ethyl ether. The precipitate was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo at room temperature. Yield 2.4 g (80%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 2.51 (d, CH ₂CO₂H), 5.16 (h, —CH(CH₃—), 1.22 (d, —CH(CH ₃)-), 4.06 (s, -PEGOCH₂CO₂PEG-), 4.21 (t, —CO₂CH ₂CH₂O—), 5.85-6.45 (m, CH ₂═CH—).

d) Preparation of CH₂═CHCO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂—CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂NHS: CH₂═CH—CO₂-PEG-OCH₂CO₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CO₂H (1.4 g, approx. 0.4 mmole) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (51 mg, 0.43 mmole) was dissolved in 30 ml of dry methylene chloride. To this solution was added dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (95 mg, 0.45 mmole) in 5 ml of dry methylene chloride. The solution was stirred under nitrogen overnight and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation. The resulting syrup was dissolved in 10 ml of dry toluene and the insoluble solid was removed by filtration. The filtrate was added to 100 ml of dry ethyl ether and the precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried in vacuo at room temperature. Yield 0.94 g (94%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 3.0-3.2 (m, -PEGCOO—CH(CH₃)CH ₂COONHS), 5.26 (h, PEGCOOCHH(CH₃)CH₂COONHS), 1.3 (d, -PEG-COOCH(CH ₃)CH₂COONHS), 4.10 (s, -PEGOCH ₂COO (CM)), 2.81 (s, NHS), 4.21 (t, CH₂═CH—COO—CHH₂CH₂—O-PEG-, 4H), 5.85-6.45 (m, CH ₂═CHCOOPEG-).

EXAMPLE 11 Method for Preparing CH₃O-PEG-OH and Containing no HO-PEG-OH from a Mixture of BzO-PEG-OH and HO-PEG-OH

Overview of Synthesis:

a) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OMs: BzO-PEG-OH (MW=5000, 50 g, 10 mmoles) containing 6% by weight of HO-PEG-OH was dissolved in toluene and the solution was azeotropically dried for 2 h under nitrogen and cooled to room temperature. To this solution was added 50 ml of anhydrous methylene chloride and 2.1 ml of anhydrous triethylamine (15 mmoles). The resulting solution was cooled in an ice bath and 1.2 ml of mesyl chloride (15 mmoles) was added dropwise. The solution was then stirred at room temperature overnight and the reaction was quenched by adding 2 ml of absolute ethanol. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to remove 100 ml of solvents, filtered, and added to 800 ml of cold ether. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure. Yield: 48.3 g (96.6%). ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.5 (br m, PEG), 4.31 (t, OCH₂CH ₂OMs), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂—OPEG-), 7.33 (s+complex mult., C₆ H ₅—CH₂—OPEG).

b) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OCH₃: BzO-PEG-OMs containing 6% by weight of MsO-PEG-OMs (MW=5078, 45 g, 8.86 mmoles) in 250 ml of toluene was azeotropically dried for 2 h. To the resulting solution was added a 25 wt % solution of sodium methoxide (11.5 g, 53.2 mmoles, 6-fold excess) in methanol and the resulting solution was heated at 120-122 EC for 20 h under nitrogen. The resulting solution was then cooled to room temperature, 2 ml of water was added, and the mixture stirred 15 minutes. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure to remove 100 ml of solvent, filtered, and the filtrate added to 700 ml of cold ether. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure. Yield: 42.8 g. ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.24 (s, PEG), 3.51 (br. mult., PEG), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂—OPEGA 7.33 (s+comp. mult., C₆ H ₅—CH₂—OPEG-).

c) Preparation of BzO-PEG-OCH₃ from BzO-PEG-OH: BzO-PEG-OH containing 6 wt % of HO-PEG-OH (MW=10,000, 50 g, 5.0 moles) in 250 ml of toluene was azeotropically distilled for 2 h under nitrogen and the solution was cooled to room temperature. Potassium tert-butoxide (1.0 M solution in tert-butanol, 25 ml, 25 mmoles) was added and the mixture was stirred 15 minutes. Methyl iodide (7.1 g, 50 mmoles) was then added and the mixture was stirred 20 h at room temperature under nitrogen in the dark. The solvents were removed under reduce pressure and the residue was dissolved in 100 ml of methylene chloride and added to 800 ml of cold ether. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried under reduced pressure. (Yield: 46.8 g) ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ 3.24 (s, CH ₃O-PEG), 3.51 (br. mult., PEG), 4.49 (s, C₆H₅—CH ₂—OPEG-), 7.33 (s+comp. mult., C₆ H ₅—CH₂—OPEG-).

d) Preparation of CH₃OPEG-OH Containing no Detectable Amounts of HO-PEG-OH: BzO-PEG-OCH₃ containing 6 wt % of CH₃O-PEG-OCH₃ (40 g, MW=10,000, mmoles) was dissolved in 400 ml of ethanol and 4 g of Pd on activated carbon (10% Pd) was added. The mixture was hydrogenated (800 psi) at room temperature. The mixture was then filtered and the solvent removed under vacuum. Yield: 37.1 g. ¹H nmr (DMSO-d₆): δ (s, CH ₃O-PEG), 3.51 (br. mult., PEG), 4.58 (t, OH)

EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis of Benzyldimethylammonium-PEG-2K—OH

A. Preparation of Benzyl-PEG-Mesylate, CH₃—S(O)₂O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(2K)—CH₂—C₆H₅

Benzyl-PEG-OH (175 g, 91.3 mmol) was dissolved in (1.2 L) toluene and azeotropically dried. The solution was then cooled under an inert atmosphere followed by addition of 23 mL of triethylamine. The resulting solution was stirred for several minutes followed by dropwise addition 10.6 mL of methanesulfonyl chloride. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 3 hours at room temperature and the progress of the reaction monitored by ¹H NMR. To the reaction mixture was then added 75 g of sodium carbonate, followed by stirring for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then filtered through Celite, and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation. To the crude product was added 1.25 L of 2-propanol, and the flask warmed in a water bath until the product was fully dissolved. The solution was then cooled to room temperature under an inert atmosphere with constant stirring, followed by addition of 1.2 L of diethyl ether to precipitate the product. The precipitate mixture was stirred for at least 30 minutes in an ice bath, and the product collected by filtration. The isolated product was washed with 2-propanol. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃): —OS(O)₂ CH ₃, 3.1 ppm (s); —CH ₂—OS(O)₂CH₃, 4.3 ppm (t).

B. Debenzylation of Benzyl-PEG-Mesylate to Form HO-PEG-Mesylate, CH₃—S(O)₂O—(CH₂CH₂O)H_(2K)

To a round-bottom flask was added 153.9 g benzyl-PEG-2K-mesylate (from step A. above) and 14 g of Pd(OH)₂ in cyclohexene (90 ml). The mixture was refluxed for 2 hours. Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled to 45-50° C. and filtered through a Celite pad. The Celite pad was washed with additional hot ethanol, and the filtrate then concentrated by rotary evaporation. To the concentrated crude product was added 1.5 L of 2-propanol. The flask was warmed in a water bath until the product was fully dissolved. The solution was then cooled to room temperature under an inert atmosphere with stirring, followed by addition of 1.5 L of diethyl ether to precipitate the product. The product mixture was stirred for an additional 30 minutes in an ice bath, and the product collected by filtration. Formation of the product was confirmed by ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) absence of benzyl peaks at 7.1 ppm and 4.5 ppm.

C. Formation of Benzyldimethylammonium PEG-OH-2K, C₆H₅—CH₂—N(CH₃)₂ ⁺—CH₂CH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_(2K)—OH

To a round bottom flask was added HO-PEG_(2K) mesylate from step B. above (90 g) and benzyldimethylamine (247 ml) and the resulting solution stirred for 72 hours at 60° C. The reaction solution was then poured into 1.25 L of 2-propanol with stirring, followed by addition of 500 L of diethyl ether to precipitate the product. The mixture was then stirred for an additional 30 minutes, and the product collected by filtration and further washed with diethyl ether. The recovered product was then dried under vacuum. The dried crude product (90 g) was then dissolved in 1M HCl (2 L), followed by addition of a 10% w/v solution of aqueous NaCl (200 g). The resulting solution was then added to a separatory funnel and extracted three times with dicloromethane (400 ml, 200 ml, 200 ml). The combined organic extracts were then dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the drying agent removed by filtration, and the solvent removed by rotary evaporation. Yield: 73 g (81%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆): —N⁺(CH ₃)₂—, 6H, 3.00 ppm (s), —C₆ H ₅, 5H, 7.5 ppm (mult).

The invention has been described in particular exemplified embodiments. However, the foregoing description is not intended to limit the invention to the exemplified embodiments, and the skilled artisan should recognize that variations can be made within the scope and spirit of the invention as described in the foregoing specification. On the contrary, the invention includes all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may be included within the true spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. 

That which is claimed is:
 1. A method of preparing an alkylated polyethylene glycol, the method comprising: (a) adding potassium tert-butoxide to a solution comprising Bz-PEG-OH in an organic solvent to thereby form a PEG alkoxide salt, Bz-PEG-O⁻K⁺; (b) adding to the solution formed in (a), tert-butyl bromoacetate, to thereby form BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂C(CH₃)₃; and (c) hydrolyzing the BzO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂C(CH₃)₃ formed in (b) by addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid to form HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H; wherein: BzO is benzyloxy, and PEG is —CH₂CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₂CH₂— having a molecular weight between about 3400 and
 176000. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising (d) isolating the HO-PEG-OCH₂CO₂H product formed in (c) by addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide, extracting the product with methylene chloride to form an organic extract, drying the organic extract to form a dried organic extract, concentrating the dried organic extract under vacuum, and precipitating the product by addition of diethyl ether. 